And it will come as a surprise to no-one reading the posts this week to find I’ve been reading Ganong again.
Vitamin D is hydroxylated to calcitriol in the proximal tubules of the kidney T/F
Calcitriol increases calcium reabsorption in the proximal tubules of the kidney T/F
The O2 sensor to control erythropoietin production is probably a heme protein T/F
Increasing catecholamines will stimulate erythropoietin production T/F
Erythropoietin is also produced in the brain T/F
Kidneys often receive a multitude of insults in the peri-operative period, both physiological and pharmacological. If you know how normal renal blood flow is controlled, you will be best positioned to preserve it under anaesthesia.
Principles of physiology for the anaesthetist 3e by Power and Kam Ch 7, handles this topic better than many of the other recommended texts. Although this is an important topic, its coverage can be quite confusing.
BT_PO 1.62 Explain the physiology of renal blood flow
Blood flow to the kidneys is regulated to maintain glomerular filtration rather than oxygen supply to the kidney T/F
Renal blood is auto-regulated between a systolic blood pressure of about 80mmHg and 180mmHg T/F
In response to reduced presentation of sodium to the juxtaglomerular apparatus, afferent arterioles will dilate to increase glomerular filtration T/F
Renal blood flow is auto-regulated at the level of the glomerular capillaries T/F
Myogenic regulation of renal vascular resistance is rapid T/F
BT_PO 1.63 Describe glomerular filtration and tubular function
Regarding the proximal convoluted tubule:
Q. It reabsorbs 65% of filtered sodium and water. TRUE/ FALSE
Q. It reabsorbs 65% filtered chloride. TRUE/ FALSE
Q. Aquaporin channels are found on the luminal surface of the tubule cells. TRUE/ FALSE
Q. Most of the glucose is reabsorbed via the paracellular route. TRUE/ FALSE
Q. This is the principal site of urea secretion. TRUE/ FALSE
I didn’t realise that this LO existed – found it when I was looking for a renal topic to post on, as there seem to be a dearth of renal posts on this site.
This is actually an important topic as relatively minor reductions in renal function are associated with worse peri-operative outcome.
I don’t have any kidney photos. Below is the best I could do for the genitourinary system. There are a whole series of these (some much more X rated) on view at MONA
BT_PO 1.71 Explain the effects on anaesthesia on renal function
Any anaesthetic agent which results in a reduction of blood pressure is likely to reduce GFR TRUE/FALSE
Attenuation of the stress response to surgery is renal protective TRUE/FALSE
Volatile anaesthetic agents may provide protection against ischaemia- reperfusion injury of the kidney TRUE/FALSE
IPPV improves renal blood flow TRUE/FALSE
Metabolic acidosis increases the kidneys’ vulnerability to nephrotoxins TRUE/FALSE
Describe how the large daily volume of glomerular filtrate is altered by the kidney to form a relatively low volume of concentrated urine.
BT_PO 1.64 BT_PO 1.67
This question just asks for some basic functions of the kidney
Approximately 80% of the glomerular filtrate is absorbed TRUE/FALSE
The medulla is hyperosmotic due to salt and urea TRUE/FALSE
ADH plays an important role TRUE/FALSE
Urea is actively secreted TRUE/FALSE
The counter-current mechanism creates a hypo-osmotic medulla TRUE/FALSE
Daily glomerular filtration of potassium is approximately 800 mmol/day. TRUE / FALSE
Reabsorption of potassium in the proximal tubule is fixed at 65% of the amount filtered. TRUE / FALSE
Aldosterone controls potassium excretion by altering the amount reabsorbed in the distal tubule. TRUE / FALSE
An increase in plasma potassium concentration directly stimulates the Na-K pumps in the distal tubule, to increase potassium secretion. TRUE / FALSE
During hypokalaemia, the kidneys can achieve zero potassium excretion in the urine. TRUE / FALSE
